The Earth has about 11.4 billion hectares of productive land and sea
space, after all unproductive areas of icecaps, desert and open ocean are discounted, or about a quarter of its surface area. Divided between
the global population of six billion people, this total equates to just
1.9 hectares per person. While the EF (environmental footprint) of the average
African or Asian consumer was less than 1.4 hectares per person in 1999, the
average Western European's footprint was about 5.0 hectares, and the average North American's was about 9.6 hectares.
The EF of the world average consumer in 1999 was 2.3 hectares per person, or 20% above the earth's biological capacity of 1.90 hectares
per person. In other words, humanity now exceeds the planet's capacity
to sustain its consumption of renewable resources. We are able to maintain this global overdraft on a temporary basis by eating into the earth's
capital stocks of forest, fish and fertile soils. We also dump our excess
carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Neither of these two activities
are
sustainable in the long-term - the only sustainable solution is to
live within the biological productive capacity of the earth.
However, current trends are moving humanity away from achieving this minimum requirement for sustainability, not towards it. The global
ecological footprint has grown from about 70% of the planet's biological capacity
in 1961 to about 120% of its biological capacity in 1999. Furthermore,
future projections based on likely scenarios of population growth, economic development and technological change, show that humanity's footprint
is likely to grow to about 180% to 220% of the Earth's biological capacity
by the year 2050.
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